Describe the general features of a first aid box

Features While features vary depending on the type of the first aid kit, all first aid kits contain bandages, gloves, tweezers and pain killers. Wrapping bandages, duct tape, adhesive bandages, scissors, antihistamines, aspirin, antibiotic ointment and antiseptic towelettes are all common components. First aid equipment explained The various gauzes, dressings and bandages found in a first aid kit have different uses. Some of these include: • Adhesive strip dressings – small strips of gauze attached to a sticky backing. These dressings are used for minor cuts and skin injuries. In Australia, they are commonly called bandaids. It is important to be aware that some people are allergic to bandaids. • Non-adhesive dressings – best used for covering burnt or abraded (scraped or grazed) skin. Never use adhesive dressings on burnt or abraded skin. • Wound dressings – these thick pads are used to help control bleeding and reduce the risk of infection. Different sizes are needed for different-sized wounds. • Crepe or conforming bandages – these elastic bandages are used to create pressure, hold dressings in place, reduce swelling and provide some support. • Triangular bandages – these non-elastic bandages are used for slings, to hold splints in place and to restrict movement. • Sterile eyewash solution – used to flush eyelashes, insects, dust, sand or similar particles from the eye. Never attempt to remove an object that is embedded in or has penetrated an eye – in such an instance, seek urgent medical attention. • Gloves - Disposable glove offer an effective barrier against pathogens • Tweezers – Tweezers are small tools used for picking up objects too small to be easily handled with the human fingers. • Painkillers (analgesics) can generally be classified in three main categories: Paracetamol. Panado and Tylenol are well-known brand names. Aspirin and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) This group of drugs is effective against mild to moderate pain, and against fever and inflammation. • Antiseptics - Antiseptic are used for: Handwashing –chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone iodine solutions are often used in hand scrubs and hand rubs in hospital settings. Pre-operative skin disinfection – antiseptics applied to the operation site to reduce the resident skin flora.

Projects topics on computer science,  business administration, office technology management,  civil engineer and seminar presentation mail me at my address tinglingtutsi@gmail.com

NASARAWA STATE POLYTECHNIC

P.M.B 109, LAFIA

DEPT: COMPUTER SCIENCE NDII

COURSE: COMPUTER SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING II

COURSE CODE: 226

ASSIGNMENT

DATE: 3/10/2013

GROUP SEVEN (7) MEMBERS

S/N	NAMES	REG.NO
1	ABDULATEEF TAJUDEEN	11/143
2	ISHAKU AARON BUKAR	11/144
3	FATIMA LIMAN KYARI	11/145
4	SADIQ ABUBAKAR MOHAMMED	11/146
5	IBRAHIM MOHAMMED	11/147
6	ONUORA BLESSING OGADIMA	11/171
7	RASHIDAT ISMAILA	11/172
8	OGUNGBEEMI ABOSEDE RUTH	11/173
9	AKWAJI AUGUSTINE ODEY	11/174
10	ONIAH SUNDAY EKUNKE	11/175

QUESTIONS:

1.   In Power-On-Self-Test, how does errors are being display? List and explain the three ways in which POST errors are displayed.

2.   In diagnostics of operating system for general troubleshooting of windows bug check (stop blue screen) codes, list some of the following suggestion you will recommend to follow. 

3.    In Step-by-step, describe the basic start-up process.

4.   The basic tools should be use in every troubleshooting toolbox are?

QUESTION 1

INTRODUCTION

Post error message is an error message displayed on the monitor during the Power-On-Self-Test if the BIOS encounter some kind of problem while starting PC. A POST error message will only display on screen if the computer is capable of booting this far. If the post detests an error before booting point, a beep code or POST code will be generate instead.

The POST error messages are usually fairly descriptive and should give you enough information to begin troubleshooting whatever problem error message POST screen message.

The POST error message can be displayed in the following ways;

Ø Monitor

Ø Beep codes

Ø POST codes

SCREEN (MONITOR)

The Power  On Self Test error message will be displayed on the screen only if the computer is capable of booting this far. This is because some Power On Self Test are detected before the bootstrap process can occur as such, cannot be displayed on the screen. For example; a friend complained that the POST error message that was on my screen said that the CMOS battery had failed on my motherboard. 

BEEPS CODES

Beep codes are used by the BIOS during the POST to report certain initial system errors. If you are hearing beep codes after you turn your computer on, it typically means that the system has encountered some kind of problem before it was able to display any kind of error information on the monitor.

Beep code troubleshooting is based on your motherboard’s BIOS manufacturer such as AMI, Award, Phoneix, IBM.

POST CODE

POST code is a hexadecimal code generated can be viewed using a POST test card. POST codes correspond directly to tests that are taking place by the POST, when a POST test card stops at a specific POST code during the boot process, that specific code can be referenced to a list of possible POST codes generated by your specific BIOS and can help determine what the problem is.

QUESTION 2

For general troubleshooting of windows bug check codes, follow these suggestions.

1.   If you recently added hardware to the system, try removing or replacing it or check with the manufacturer to see if any patches are available.

2.   You can try running the hardware diagnostics supplied by the system manufacturer.

3.   Check with the manufacturer to see if an updated system BIOS or fireware is available.

4.   Make sure that any expansion board is properly seated and all cables are completely connected.

5.   Confirm that any new hardware that is installed is compactable with the installed version of windows. For example, you can get information about compatibility with window 7 at the windows 7 compatibility center.

6.   If new device drivers or system services have been added recently, try removing or updating then;

Note: Use safe mode when removing or disabling components. To enter safe mode, restart your computer and press F8, it will character-mode menu of that operating system, at the Windows Advanced Option menu, choose safe mode.

7.    Run a virus detection program

8.   Verify that the system has the latest service pack installed.

9.   Disable BIOS Memory Option such as Caching or Shadowing.

10.                Check the System Log and Application Login Event Viewer to see if any additional error messages have been logged recently. These might pinpoint the cause of the error. 

QUESTION 3

Start up process

i.             Applying Power

PC initialization starts when you turn the system on. If all output voltage from the power supply is valid, the supply generates a Power Good (PG) logical signal between 100ms and 500ms. When the motherboard timer IC receives the PG signal, the CPU starts processing.

ii.            The  Bootstrap

It is the very first operation performed by the CPU. It involve the initial search for the address FFFF:0000h and the subsequent redirection of the CPU. This address is almost at the end of available ROM space, as such the instruction is almost always a jump command (JMP) followed by actual BIOS ROM starting address.

iii.           Core Test

The core tests are part of the overall Power-On-Self-Test (POST) sequence, which is the most important use of a system BIOS during initialization. It involve the check of hardware to ensure that everything is present and functioning properly before the BIOS begins the actual boot. If it is successful, the system will respond with a single beep from the speaker.

iv.          Finding and Loading the Operating System

At this stage, the system needs to load an operating system. The first step is to have the BIOS search for an Operating System Volume Boot Sector (VBS) on the A: drive, if it is not  found in A: drive it move to drive C: but if the Operating System is found in drive A: BIOS will load sector1 from the VBS into memory, starting at 0000:7C00h.  The IO.SYS will load followed by MSDOS: SYS if it is a DOS. Then it will lead the user to the default desktop environment. 

QUESTION 4

1.   Installing and Running Troubleshooting Tools

Troubleshooting instability and startup problems, and restoring system and data files.

2.   Disaster Recovery Tools

Troubleshooting problems related to startup, applications, and services.

3.   Application and Service Tools

Troubleshooting a computer that is in a remote location

4.   Remote Management Tools

Maintaining disks and volumes to prevent problems before they occur.

5.   Disk and Maintenance Tools

Troubleshooting problems caused by incompatible, missing, or corrupted driver and system files.

6.    System Files Tools

Monitoring and Troubleshooting network performance problems.

7.   Support Tools

Are optional tools that you might find useful for troubleshooting.

8.   Debugging Tools

Enables advanced users to diagnose and troubleshoot complex problems that might not be solved by other means.

9.   Malware bytes Anti-malware

10.               K-lite codec pack

11.               Notepad++

12.               Peazip

13.               Revo uninstaller

The assessment of environmental pollution in ombi 1(from

Poly River to collage river) make suggestion on how to tackle environmental pollution and also the Remedy.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Statement of problem

Purpose (aim) and objective of the study

Result of the Researched

Remedy /Recommendation

Conclusion

References

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays human lives facing lots of problems in their life, one of the major problems is pollution. Pollution is nothing but the contamination of our air by harmful substances and wastages or the unwanted things which is added to the natural contents like, air water, land etc.

Pollution is again said to be the introduction of a contaminant into a natural environment, usually by humans. While most people think of pollution as chemical waste dumped into rivers, or factories spewing toxins into the air, it can also include light pollution or sound pollution. The death effects of pollution affect more than 1000 million people worldwide more widespread than global pandemics such as AIDs. In some of the worlds worsted polluted places, babies are born with birth defects, children have lost 30 to 40 IQ points, and life expectancy may be as low as 45years because of cancers and other diseases.

Pollution is of different kinds or type, which includes

Land pollution

Water pollution

Air pollution

Noise pollution

Light pollution

LAND POLLUTION: land can become polluted by household garbage and by industrial waste. In 2010, a country like American produced about 250 million tons of garbage consisting of product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliance, paint and batteries. That’s about 4.3 pounds waste per person per day, according to the environmental protection agency.

WATER POLLUTION: water pollution happens when chemicals or dangerous foreign substances are introduced to water, including chemicals, sewage pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural runoff, or metals like lead or mercury. Worldwide, more than 500 million people drink water that could be harmful to their health. Water pollution can also affect marine life, oil and chemical pollutants can harm anything living in water. Sewage causes pathogens to grow, while organic and inorganic compound in water change the composition of the precious resource.

AIR POLLUTION: the air we breathe has a very exact chemical composition, 99 percent of it is made up nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Air pollution occurs when thing that aren’t normally ther/e are added to the air. Common types of air pollution looks like soot, containing millions of ting particles floating in the air.

NOISE POLLUTION: even though human can’t see or smell noise pollution, still impacts the environment. Noise pollution happens when the sound coming from planes, industry or other sources reaches harmful levels. Research has shown that there are direct links between noise and health, including stress related illnesses, high blood pressure speech interference, hearing loss.

LIGHT POLLUTION: most people think that electricity powered lights are modern convenience, and couldn’t imagine living without them for the natural world, though, lights have changed the way that days and nights work. Some birds sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light. Scientists have determined that long artificial days can affect migration schedules, as they allow for longer feeding times. Streetlight can confuse newly hatched sea turtles that rely on starlight reflecting off the waves to guide them the beach to the ocean.

PURPOSE (AIM) AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To determine or study the pollution in ombi 1 and find out the possible solution that will help the community as a hold.

Aim on how to take research and also engage our self in one or two field trip that wills kind of educating our knowledge on environmental pollution by knowing it, yourself.

RESULT OF THE RESEARCH CARRYOUT

The main pollutant which occurred in poly river Ombi1 down to college Ombi2 is air pollution due to the emission of harmful chemical goes like carbon monoxide which particulates in the air, like smokes from the Chimneys, vehicle or burning of wood and also sulphur dioxide into the making it toxic. While for the noise pollution occurred as a result of the transportation of vehicle on road from Poly River Down To College River which produce heavy noise and people get it difficult to get accumtomed to that, the highest noise leads to a situation where a normal person use the ability to hear properly as well as land pollution from poly river to college river is as a result of the dumping of waist material, domestic waste, industrial waste etc which are properly disclosed and cause harmful to substance and chemical to leach into grained and the water pollution is been contaminated by the refuse that float into the water stream.       

The water in the Bukasidi, stream which is essential for human consumption has been damage due to refuse dump along the road side which flow or float into the water that brings about color change in the stream and also the purest of the water also damage. A plot of land which is located for NUDB to dump all refuse cabbage from the main city and any other place in the locality affected the land around with the place which causes land, air, water pollution etc.

Along the DD”S world street refuse dumped at the street because serious damage which if case not taking it will result to erosion.

Pollution found behind Hillcon Royal Hotel and white house have already bring damage to the community or environment. The pollution is because by human activities which refuse are dumped without instruction, which cause land pollution and air pollution, which the whole place is being contaminated with smell and that smell is what brought Air pollution.

RECOMMENDATION

I recommend that the Government of Nasarawa state as a hole and the chairman of lafia local government area should lead his people i.e. the NUDB Nasarawa urban development board should put, in each street not less than 10 dustbin to fewer refuse dumps on the street. Also the government should be able to make a good street and water channels to enable free flow of water. On the refuse dumped at opposite Association of tippers and quarry owner of Nigeria, Government should make a proper allocation for that , so that it will not affect human activities around Government should an create awareness on effect of pollution to human health.

CONCLUSSION                  

Now after the whole research carried out on the both rivers one can come to a logical conclusion that the cause of the pollution does not only affect the rivers but also render the water useless to the people living close to the river .

 Pollution in ombi 1 is being study and the Recommendation has be underline for proper control so as to reduce the effect on human health in the society

The quality of a persons life is directly proportional to his commitment towards academic excellence regardless is chosen filed of endeavor. This is what my grandmother use to tell me that when i was about 12 but then i don't actually pick meaning to it but i must say now that have really come to understand that what my grand mother was actually trying to tell me then was that am a very lazy fellow and don't read but a average students cause i could remember then i was at primary school we have exam to right at 10 AM but am already at school at 8AM playing football and i hardly open my book and read. the same thing apply to my home works like washing of my own cloths they have to like flog me before i could wash my own cloths.
            So now i thank God for my grandmother i for even though she had left me are words are still with me and pray may almighty God have mercy on her soul Amen

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After viewing the world in general from one perspective one can come to a logical conclussion that really the world is about to end this is to serves as an opportunity and a warning to those that committed one or the other and those that still intend to committe more sin should repent and ask God for forgivness for if the world is to end tommorow there will be alot of had i know? Which is going to be too late. And for those who believed that Jesus had die for thier sin so they can committe as much as possible sin they can should visit thier bible matthew chapter seven verse twenty (matt7:20-23).

The world is about to end